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Separation and preconcentration procedures for the determination of lead using spectrometric techniques: a review |
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| Authors: | Korn Maria das Graças A Andrade Jailson B de Jesus Djane S de Lemos Valfredo A Bandeira Marcus L S F Santos Walter N L dos Bezerra Marcos A Amorim Fabio A C Souza Anderson S Ferreira Sergio L C |
| Institution: | a Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Campus Universitário de Ondina, 40170-290 Salvador, BA, Brazil b Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica da Bahia, Rua Emidio Santos, s/n-Barbalho, Salvador, BA, Brazil c Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Departamento de Química e Exatas, Campus de Jequié, 45200-190 Jequié, BA, Brazil d Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências, Av. Luís Viana Filho, 8812 Paralela Salvador, BA, Brazil |
| Abstract: | Lead is recognized worldwide as a poisonous metal. Thus, the determination of this element is often required in environmental, biological, food and geological samples. However, these analyses are difficult because such samples contain relatively low concentrations of lead, which fall below the detection limit of conventional analytical techniques such as flame atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Several preconcentration procedures to determine lead have therefore been devised, involving separation techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction, coprecipitation and cloud point extraction. Citing 160 references, this paper offers a critical review of preconcentration procedures for determining lead using spectroanalytical techniques. |
| Keywords: | Lead Preconcentration and separation techniques Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) |
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