Understanding diastereofacial selection in carbohydrate-based domino cycloadditions: semiempirical and DFT calculations

The sequential cycloaddition of nitroalkenes with methyl vinyl ether was investigated by semiempirical (PM3) and density functional methods (B3LYP/6-31G*). The asymmetric version was also examined with a threoconfigured carbohydrate auxiliary. This produces a larger, more flexible system that complicates the calculation. Most transition structures were then fully optimized at the PM3 level and further refinement was done at ab initio levels. This study represents a model case that enables the rationalization of the high facial selectivity observed in carbohydrate-based nitrone- and nitronate-alkene cycloadditions. The selective endo orientation of the 4+2] pathway results from Coulombic attraction and secondary orbital interactions in the transition state. The stereochemical outcome is largely influenced by a combination of steric shielding from the bulky chiral substituent at C4 and the anomeric effect that places the nitronate C6-alkoxy group in a pseudoaxial arrangement. The resulting conformation favors the subsequent exo approach of methyl vinyl ether to the less hindered re face of the nitronate. It is also remarkable to note that solvation energies stabilize significantly a particular transition structure, thereby explaining the marked stereoselection observed in a polar medium.