Ultrastructural aspects of naturally occurring wound in the tunic of two ascidians: Ciona intestinalis and Styela plicata (Tunicata) |
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| Affiliation: | 1. A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevsky Street, Vladivostok 690059, Russia;2. Far Eastern Federal University, 8 Sukhanov Street, Vladivostok 690950, Russia;1. Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;2. Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, 11-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan;2. Department of Surgery, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan;3. Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan;4. Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan;6. Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan;5. Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan;1. Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark St., Vermillion, SD 57069, USA;2. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, 600 S 43rd St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;1. Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;2. Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland |
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| Abstract: | Efficient wound healing is essential for all animals from insects to mammals. Ciona intestinalis and Styela plicata are solitary ascidians belonging to urochordates, a subphylum that occupies a key phylogenetic position as it includes the closest relative to vertebrates. Urochordate first physical barrier against invaders is the tunic, an extracellular matrix that is constantly exposed to all kinds of insults. Thus, when damage occurs, an innate immune response is triggered to eliminate impaired tissue and potentially pathogenic microbes, and restore tissue functionality. Ultrastructural aspects of the tunic in the wound healing process of two ascidians are described. In the injured areas, we evidenced thinning of the tunic and areas of low fibre density, dense intratunic bacterial and protozoan population, and inflammatory aspects such as the increase in tunic cells, their aggregates, and phagocytosis. This is the first report on tunic physical wounding occurring in the natural habitat. |
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| Keywords: | Ascidians Invertebrates Wound healing Ultrastructure |
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