Morpho-functional characterization and esterase patterns of the midgut of Tribolium castaneum Herbst, 1797 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) parasitized by Gregarina cuneata (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinidae) |
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Affiliation: | 1. Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Paraná, Brazil;2. Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Paraná, Brazil;1. Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt;2. Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt;1. Departamento de Medicina, Universidade da Região de Joinville – UNIVILLE, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 – Zona Industrial Norte, CEP 89201-972, Joinville, SC, Brazil;2. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Universidade da Região de Joinville – UNIVILLE, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 – Zona Industrial Norte, CEP 89201-972, Joinville, SC, Brazil;3. Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade da Região de Joinville – UNIVILLE, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 – Zona Industrial Norte, CEP 89201-972, Joinville, SC, Brazil;4. Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Rua Antônio da Veiga, 140, CEP 89012-900, Blumenau, SC, Brazil;5. Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;1. Zoological Institute, Evolutionary Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany;2. Beuth University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany;1. Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India;2. Department of Pathology and Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India;3. Department of Biostatistics, India;1. Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;2. Liaoning Technical College of Equipment Manufacturing, Shenyang 110161, China |
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Abstract: | Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is a common pest of stored grains and byproducts and is normally infected by Gregarina cuneata (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinidae). The life cycle of this parasite includes the sporozoite, trophozoite, gamont, gametocyte, and oocyst stages, which occur between the epithelium and lumen of the host's midgut. This study aims to describe the morphofunctional alterations in the midgut and determine the esterase patterns in T. castaneum when parasitized by gregarines. To achieve this purpose, midguts of adult insects were isolated, processed, and analysed using light and electron microscopy. We determined total protein content, amylase activity, and the expression and related activities of the esterases by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The midgut of T. castaneum is formed by digestive, regenerative, and endocrine cells. The effects of parasitism on the digestive cells are severe, because the gregarines remain attached to these cells to absorb all the nutrients they need throughout their development. In these cells, the most common alterations observed include expansion and fragmentation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, development of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, changes in mitochondrial cristae, cytoplasmic vacuolization, formation of myelin structures, spherites, large intercellular spaces, autophagic vesicles, expansion of the basal labyrinth, and cytoplasmic protrusions. Deposits of glycogen granules were also observed. Amylase activity was reduced in parasitized insects. Regenerative cells were found in disorganized crypts and did not differentiate into new cells, thus, compromising the restoration of the damaged epithelium. Though few morphological alterations were observed in the endocrine cells, results suggest that the synthesis and/or release of hormones might be impaired. Nine esterases (EST-1 to 9) were identified in the midgut of T. castaneum and were expressed in varying levels in response to parasitism. Two additional isoforms of esterases were exclusively identified in the parasitized insects. The results of this study suggest that gregarines alter the morphology and physiology of the midgut. The changes may result in nutritional depletion and the impairment of other physiological processes, such as reproduction and development of the host. Thus, further studies are needed to uncover the possibility of utilizing gregarines as biological controllers of the insect pest population. |
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Keywords: | Stored grain pests Parasites Midgut Morphology Isoenzymes |
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