Amine-functionalized lanthanide-doped KGdF4 nanocrystals as potential optical/magnetic multimodal bioprobes

Amine-functionalized lanthanide-doped KGdF(4) nanocrystals, synthesized via a facile one-step solvothermal route by employing polyethylenimine as the surfactant and capping ligand, have been demonstrated to be sensitive time-resolved FRET bioprobes to detect a trace amount of biomolecules such as avidin at a concentration of 5.5 nM and to be potential T(1)-MRI contrast agents due to a large longitudinal relaxivity of Gd(3+) (5.86 S(-1)·mM(-1) per Gd ion and 3.99 × 10(5) S(-1)·mM(-1) per nanocrystal).