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Enumerating pairs of permutations with the same up-down form
Institution:Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ 07974, USA
Abstract:For each sequence q = {qi} = ± 1, i = 1, …, n−1 let Nq = the number of permutations σ of 1, 2, …, n with up-down sequence sgn(σi+1σi) = qi, i = 1,…, n−1. Clearly Σq (Nq/n!) =1 but what is the probability pn = Σq (Nq/n!)2 that two random permutations have the same up-down sequence? We show that pn = (Kn−11,1) where 1 = 1(x, y) ≡ 1 and Kn−1 is the iterated integral operator with (x, y) = ∫0101 K(x, y; x′, y′)φ(x′, y′) dxdy′ on L20, 1] × 0, 1] where K(x, y; x′, y′) is 1 if (xx′)(yy′) > 0 otherwise, and (f, g) = ∫0101fg. The eigenexpression of K yeilds pnn as n → ∞, where c ≈ 1.6, α ≈ 0.55.We also give a recursion formula for a polynomial whose coefficients are the frequencies of all the possible forms.
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