Vacuum microbalances and thermogravimetric apparatus Part I: Commercially available instruments

Most vacuum balances used today are electromagnetically compensating beam balances with sensitivities down to the nanogram range. Deflection sensors operate either according to the optoelectric or the electromagnetic method. One type of UHV balance is equipped with magnetic sample suspension. For special tasks, quartz spring balances and crystal oscillators are available. Beam balances in the microgram and milligram ranges are also used in thermogravimetric and sorption measuring apparatus. Instruments and manufacturers are compiled in tables.