Abstract: | X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy studies indicate that the thermal pretreatment of Pt–Sn catalysts supported on ZnAl2O4 and MgAl2O4 spinels, in the reduction medium leads to the formation of coarse-disperse particles of PtSn, Pt2Sn3 and PtSn2 alloys, which deactivate the catalysts.
![pcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1086.gif) ![shchcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1097.gif) ![softcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1100.gif) ![mcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1090.gif) ![gcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1075.gif) ![iecy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1075.gif) ![rcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1072.gif) ![fcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1092.gif) ![icy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1080.gif) ![YAcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1071.gif) ![Gcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1043.gif) ![scy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1087.gif) ![icy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ucy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1091.gif) ![scy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1085.gif) , ![chcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1095.gif) ![tcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1090.gif) ![pcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1076.gif) ![vcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1088.gif) ![mcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1073.gif) ![rcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1072.gif) ![bcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1090.gif) ![kcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1082.gif) ![vcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1089.gif) ![rcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1076.gif) Pt–Sn ![kcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1086.gif) , ![ncy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ecy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1101.gif) ![ncy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1099.gif) ![ncy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1085.gif) ZnAl2O2 VgAl2O4 ![shcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1096.gif) ![pcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1087.gif) ![icy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1083.gif) , ![pcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1076.gif) ![icy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1073.gif) ![rcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1080.gif) ![gcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1075.gif) ![rcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ucy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1091.gif) ![bcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1076.gif) ![icy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1088.gif) ![scy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ncy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1099.gif) ![chcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1086.gif) PtSn, Pt2Sn3 PtSn2. ![rcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ucy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1091.gif) ![lcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1083.gif) ![yacy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1103.gif) ![tcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ncy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1085.gif) ![rcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1086.gif) ![icy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1089.gif) ![khcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1093.gif) ![ocy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1076.gif) ![icy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1080.gif) ![dcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tscy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/h3850536m2t6h542/xxlarge1086.gif) 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