Problems in polarized light microscopy observation of birefringence of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals |
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| Authors: | Yoko Omura Renzo Okamoto Minoru Konno Motoo Shiro |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Integrated Human Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Work, Kanagawa University of Human Services, 1-10-1 Heisei-cho, Yokosuka 238-0013, Japan;2. Graduate School of Health and Social Work, Division of Health and Social Work, Kanagawa University of Human Services, 1-10-1 Heisei-cho, Yokosuka 238-0013, Japan;3. MS Research Laboratory, 274-2-3-207 Irie, Hasse-Cho, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0113, Japan;4. Rigaku Corporation, X-ray Laboratory, Akishima-shi, Matsubara-cho, 3-9-12, Tokyo 196-8666, Japan;1. Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, CSIC Glorieta de Astronomía s/n, Granada 18008, Spain;2. Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland;3. Astronomical Institute of Kharkov National University Kharkov, Ukraine;4. Institute of Atmospheric Science and Climate, CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy;1. Department of Physics, D.G. Vaishnav College, Chennai, India;2. Research and Development Center, St. Peter''s University, Chennai, India;3. Department of Physics, Presidency College, Chennai, India;1. Laboratoire Ondes et Matière d’Aquitaine – UMR 5798 CNRS, Université Bordeaux I, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France;2. Institut des Sciences Moléculaires – UMR 5255 CNRS, Université Bordeaux I, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France;3. Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux – UPR 9048 CNRS, Chateau Brivazac, Avenue du Dr. Schweitzer, 33608 Pessac Cedex, France;2. Department of Geology, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405;1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China;2. Division of Nano Metrology and Materials Measurement, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100013, China;1. College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, PR China;2. College of Electronic Engineering, Chongqing University of Post and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, PR China |
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| Abstract: | To reconsider the problems arising from the use of the phase plate as a test plate inserted into a polarized light microscope system for the analysis of triclinic calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (t-CPPD) crystals, or Ca2P2O7·2H2O in the synovial fluid of arthritis patients, we made the polarized light microscopy observations using a phase plate with a retardation of 530 nm for the synthesized t-CPPD crystals well-characterized by X-ray powder pattern indexing and single crystal X-ray diffraction measurements. The microscopy observations were made of crystals of different sizes, thicknesses and shapes. The retardation was assessed using the interference color chart at four extinction and diagonal positions both with and without the test plate. The addition and subtraction states produced by superimposing the retardations of two anisotropic materials, that is, the t-CPPD crystal and the 530 nm phase plate, were deduced from the interference color change by inserting the test plate at four diagonal positions. When the color change of a crystal at a diagonal position resulting from 90-degree rotation exhibits no clear birefringence, the interference color chart was shown to be useless. We suggested the use of a compensator whose retardation can be changed to obtain an accurate value for the retardation of the crystal. |
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