Visualising impregnated chitosan in Pinus radiata early wood cells using light and scanning electron microscopy |
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| Authors: | Adya P Singh Tripti Singh Catherine L Rickard |
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| Institution: | 1. Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for High-efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Wuhan 430068, China;2. School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China;3. State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China;1. Texas Biochemicals Inc, College Station, TX 77840, USA;2. Solid State Ionics and Surface Sciences Lab, Department of Physics, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA;3. Institut für Chemie, AG Elektrochemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany;1. Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Faculty of Physics & Electronic Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China;2. Department of Applied Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, PR China;3. Department of Physics, University of Göttingen, F.HundPlatz1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany;4. Russian Acad. Sci., Inst. Met. Phys., Ural Branch, Ekaterinburg 620219, Russia;1. LUNAM Université, Angers , France;2. Service de Néphrologie-Dialyse-Transplantation, CHU d’Angers, Université Angers, Angers, France;3. Laboratoire d’Immunologie et d’Allergologie, CHU Angers, Université Angers, Angers, France;4. Immunology and Allergology Laboratory, CHU, Dijon, France;5. Centre de référence des maladies systémiques auto-immunes, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France |
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| Abstract: | Chitosan, a deacetylated product of an abundant naturally occurring biopolymer chitin, has been used in a range of applications, particularly in food and health areas, as an antimicrobial agent. In the work reported here Pinus radiata wood was impregnated with chitosan as an environmentally compatible organic biocide (Eikenes et al., 2005a, Eikenes et al., 2005b) to protect wood against wood deteriorating microorganisms and to thus prolong the service life of wooden products. We developed sample preparation techniques targeted to visualise impregnated chitosan within wood tissues using light microscope and field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). Sections were viewed with the light microscope without staining with a dye as well as after staining with the dye toluidine blue. Light microscopy was also undertaken on sections that had been stained with 1% aqueous osmium tetroxide (OsO4). For SEM observations, the sections were treated with OsO4 and then examined with the FE-SEM, first in the secondary electron imaging mode (SEI) and then in the backscattered electron imaging (BEI) mode, imaging the same areas of a section in both SEI and BEI modes. The preparation techniques employed and the combined use of light and scanning electron microscopy provided valuable complementary information, revealing that chitosan had penetrated into the cavities (cell lumens, intercellular spaces) of all sizes present within wood tissues and had also impregnated early wood cell walls. The information obtained is discussed in relation to its importance in further development of chitosan formulations and refinement of impregnation technologies to optimise chitosan impregnation into and distribution within wood tissues as well as in assessing chitosan efficacy. |
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