| Abstract: | In 2015 Halina France-Jackson introduced the notion of a \({\sigma}\)-ring i.e. a ring R with the property that if I and J are ideals of R and for all \({i\in I}\), \({{j\in J}}\), there exist natural numbers m, n such that \({i^{m}j^{n} =0}\), then I = 0 or J = 0. It is shown that \({\sigma}\) is a special class which coincides with the class \({\rho}\) of all prime nil-semisimple rings. This implies that the upper nil radical of any ring R is the intersection of all ideals I of the ring such that R/I is a \({\sigma}\)-ring. In this paper we introduce classes of rings equivalent to the \({\sigma}\)-rings and then give characterizations of the upper nil radical in terms of these rings. |
