19—20世纪之交电磁学的发展和影响（Ⅰ）

主要围绕电磁学的“两论两发现”讨论了上一世纪之交电磁学的发展和影响。“两论“是指洛伦兹电子论和爱因斯坦相对论电磁学，“两发现”是指X射线的发现和电子的发现，第一部分着重分析了洛伦兹电子论如何从综合超距电动力学和“无源”电磁场理论中产生的历史背景及其地位、作用和历史局限，第二部分重点讨论了爱因斯坦对经典电磁学的革命性变革、光量子假说、相对论电磁学和质能关系的意义及影响，第三和第四部分，则主要讨论X射线和电子的发现，及其发现后的电磁学的一些重要实验和电子论对一些重要电磁学问题的解释，强调了波粒二象性论争及其积极作用，并阐述了电子论对物质磁性的经典分析，文章的时间范围主要是从洛伦兹电子论到量子力学诞生之前的二三十年，尚水涉及量子电动力学的内容。

ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND INFLUENCE OF ELECTROMAGNETISM AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY

The development and impact of electromagnetism at the beginning of the 20th century are discussed from the angle of the “two theories and two discoveries”. The “two theories”refer to the electron theory of Lorentz and the electromagnetism theory of Einstein′s relativity, the so-called “two discoveries”are the discovery of the electron and the discovery of X-rays. The background, historical role and limitations of Lorentz′electron theory are first analyzed. Einstein′s revolutionary reform of classical electromagnetism is then discussed as well as several issues explained by electron theory. Some important experiments following the discovery of electron,and X-rays are also mentioned.