Slurries and emulsions of waxy and heavy crude oils for pipeline transportation of crude oil

The high viscosity of many asphaltic crude oils and the high pour points of many waxy crude oils present significant problems in their transportation over long distances by pipeline and tanker. While heating the oils and insulating the pipelines will help alleviate the problem, there is danger associated with an extended shutdown of flow and either congealing or solidification of the oil. A possible solution which we have studied in the laboratory is the emulsification or dispersion of the oil in water or brine so that shear takes place in the continuous aqueous phase rather than the oil droplets or particles.Synthetic waxy crude oils were prepared by dissolving paraffin wax in white mineral oil at slightly elevated temperatures and then measuring the pour point. One containing 30% wax had a pour point of 43°C and was selected for preparations of the dispersions. This was emulsified in water at a temperature higher than the pour point by using a suitable surfactant as an emulsifying agent. Rheological properties were measured at various temperatures and are reported in the paper. The method shows great promise for use in countries such as China which produce significant quantities of waxy crude oil and have seasonal temperatures significantly lower than the pour point of the crude oil.