Heat conduction in nanofluids

We show that macroscale heat conduction in nanofluids is of a dual-phase-lagging type rather than the Fourier type. This leads to models for effective thermal capacity, conductivity and diffusivity of nanofluids and reveals even more anomalous thermal behavior of nanofluids than those reported in the literature. Due to the coupled conduction of the two phases, thermal waves and possibly resonance may appear in nanofluid heat conduction. Such waves and resonance are responsible for the extraordinary conductivity enhancement. The analysis and result are also valid for heat conduction in two-phase systems.