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Hybrid triple systems and cubic feedback sets
Authors:Charles J Colbourn  William R Pulleyblank  Alexander Rosa
Institution:(1) Department of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, N2L 3G1 Waterloo, Ontario, Canada;(2) Department of Combinatorics, Optimization University of Waterloo, N2L 3G1 Waterloo, Ontario, Canada;(3) Department of Mathematics, Statistics McMaster University, L8S 4K1 Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Abstract:Ac-hybrid triple system of orderv is a decomposition of the completev-vertex digraph intoc cyclic tournaments of order 3 and 
$$\frac{{v(v - 1)}}{3} - c$$
transitive tournaments of order 3. Hybrid triple systems generalize directed triple systems (c = 0) and Mendelsohn triple systems (c = v(v – 1)/3); omitting directions yields an underlying twofold triple system. The spectrum ofv andc for which ac-hybrid triple system of orderv exists is completely determined in this paper. Using (cubic) block intersection graphs, we then show that every twofold triple system of order 
$$v\left( {having b_v  = \frac{{v(v - 1)}}{3}blocks} \right)$$
underlies ac-hybrid triple system with 
$$c \geqslant \frac{{2b_v }}{3}$$
. Examples are constructed for all sufficiently largev, for which this maximum is at most 
$$\left( {\frac{7}{{10}} + \varepsilon } \right)b_v $$
. The lower bound here is proved by establishing bounds onF i (n, r), the size of minimum cardinality vertex feedback sets inn-vertexi-connected cubic multigraphs havingr repeated edges. We establish that 
$$F_0 (n,r) \leqslant \frac{n}{2},$$
, 
$$F_1 (n,r) \leqslant \frac{{3n}}{8} + \frac{r}{4} + \frac{1}{2}, and F_2 (n,r) \leqslant \frac{{(n + r)}}{3}for n > 8$$
. These bounds are all tight, and the latter is used to derive the lower bound in the design theoretic problem.
Keywords:
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