Zinc oxide as a formose catalyst |
| |
Authors: | A H Weiss and S Trigerman |
| |
Institution: | (1) Chemical Engineering, Pilot Plant, Universidad Nacional del Sur, United Nations Industrial Development Organisation, 8000 Bahia Blanca, Argentina;(2) Negev Nuclear Research Center, Dimona, Israel |
| |
Abstract: | Zinc oxide heterogeneously catalyzes formaldehyde condensation to a complex mixture of formose sugars. The reaction proceeds at pH 5.5 and unwanted Cannizzaro side reaction does not occur. The catalyzed reaction is exceptionally slow. At 100°C and 1.00 M ZnO, 0.61 M HCHO starting concentration, the induction period lasts 70 h and 90% conversion does not occur until 92 h. Either addition of D-glucose co-catalyst or reduction in the starting ratio of HCHO to ZnO eliminates the induction period.
![Ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1054.gif) ![kcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tscy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![kcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![gcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1075.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1075.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![kcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1079.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ucy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1091.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![dcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tscy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![fcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1092.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![mcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1100.gif) ![dcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![gcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1075.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![dcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1073.gif) ![rcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zhcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1078.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![mcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![fcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1092.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![mcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1099.gif) ![scy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![khcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1093.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) . ![Rcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1056.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tscy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![pcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1088.gif) pH=5,5 ![pcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![zcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1079.gif) ![tcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![bcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1073.gif) ![lcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![yucy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1102.gif) ![dcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![chcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1095.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tscy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![Kcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1050.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tscy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1094.gif) ![tscy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1094.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1088.gif) . ![Kcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1050.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tscy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![lcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![yucy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1102.gif) ![chcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1095.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![mcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1076.gif) ![lcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) . ![Pcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1055.gif) ![rcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![tcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1084.gif) ![pcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ucy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1091.gif) ![rcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1088.gif) 100°C ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![khcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1093.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1099.gif) ![kcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tscy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1094.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tscy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![yacy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1103.gif) ZnO 1,00 M HCHO 0,61 M ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![dcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ucy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1091.gif) ![kcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tscy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![zhcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1078.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1089.gif) 70 ![chcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) , 90%-![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![vcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1074.gif) ![rcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![shchcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1097.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![dcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![gcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1075.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1100.gif) ![kcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![pcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1083.gif) 92 ![chcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tscy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) . ![Pcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1055.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![dcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ucy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1091.gif) ![kcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![jcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1081.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![dcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1073.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![shchcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1097.gif) ![dcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1075.gif) ![kcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1088.gif) -D-![gcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1075.gif) ![lcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![yucy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1102.gif) ![kcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1079.gif) , ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1083.gif) ![scy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zhcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1078.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![shcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1096.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1089.gif) ![khcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1093.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1099.gif) ![kcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tscy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1094.gif) ![iecy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tscy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/j1037vnr615u34t1/xxlarge1080.gif) HCHO ZnO
|
| |
Keywords: | |
本文献已被 SpringerLink 等数据库收录! |
|