Mathematical modelling of spark-ignition engines

The flow field, scavenging efficiency, power output, heat transfer losses, and unburned hydrocarbon emissions have been numerically studied by means of a two-equation model of turbulence in a four-stroke, homogeneous-charge, spark-ignition engine. The engine is equipped with an intake valve, an exhaust valve, and a constant rate heat source which simulates the spark plug. Combustion has been modelled by means of a one-step irreversible chemical reaction whose rate is controlled by an Arrhenius-type expression. The numerical results indicate that the intake stroke is characterized by the formation of two eddies which persist in the compression stroke. Turbulence is generated at the shear layers of the air jet drawn into the cylinder, but its level decreases in the compression stroke. Due to the heat released by the spark plug and the chemical reaction, a spherical flame kernel is formed. This kernel evolves into a cylindrical flame when the flame front reaches the piston. Fuel remains unburnt at the corner between the cylinder head and the cylinder wall due to heat transfer losses. The numerical results also indicate that despite uncertainties about the turbulence and heat transfer models, an engine model such as the one studied here can be used to understand the flow field, heat transfer losses, scavenging efficiency, and power output in conventional spark-ignition engines. Such capabilities are very helpful in the development and optimization stages of engines. For example, here the engine model thermal and scavenging efficiencies are 15.69% and 94%, respectively. The peak pressure is 33 atm and occurs at 6° ATDC. The unburnt hydrocarbon emissions are 7.41% of the total fuel admitted into the cylinder.