Non-Gaussian diffusion imaging: a brief practical review |
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Authors: | De Santis Silvia Gabrielli Andrea Palombo Marco Maraviglia Bruno Capuani Silvia |
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Institution: | a Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italyb Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UKc ISC-CNR, via dei Taurini, 19 00185 Rome, Italyd Neuroimaging Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italye Enrico Fermi Center, Piazza del Viminale 1, 00184 Rome, Italyf CNR IPCF UOS Roma, Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy |
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Abstract: | The departure from purely mono-exponential decay of the signal, as observed from brain tissue following a diffusion-sensitized sequence, has prompted the search for alternative models to characterize these unconventional water diffusion dynamics. Several approaches have been proposed in the last few years. While multi-exponential models have been applied to characterize brain tissue, several unresolved controversies about the interpretations of the results have motivated the search for alternative models that do not rely on the Gaussian diffusion hypothesis. In this brief review, diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI) and anomalous diffusion imaging (ADI) techniques are addressed and compared with diffusion tensor imaging. Theoretical and experimental issues are briefly described to allow readers to understand similarities, differences and limitations of these two non-Gaussian models. However, since the ultimate goal is to improve specificity, sensitivity and spatial localization of diffusion MRI for the detection of brain diseases, special attention will be paid on the clinical feasibility of the proposed techniques as well as on the context of brain pathology investigations. |
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Keywords: | Water diffusion Anomalous diffusion Non-Gaussian diffusion Stretched-exponential model DTI DKI |
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