Experimental validation of computational fluid dynamics modeling for narrow tillage tool draft

Energy requirement of a tillage tool, mostly represented by tool draft, is a function of different soil–tool interaction components like soil parameters, tool parameters and system parameters. Soil–tool interaction modeling was conducted using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach considering soil as a Bingham material. Soil bin tests were conducted to validate tool draft predictions obtained from this numerical modeling. Numerical predictions and soil bin experiments for the tool draft were observed with 40 mm wide vertical tool operating at four different depths of 40, 80, 120, and 160 mm. The tool was operated at four different operating speeds of 1, 8, 16 and 24 km h⁻¹ in clay loam soil with two moisture contents of 14% and 20%. Thus, the experimental design consisted in a (2 × 4 × 4) complete randomized factorial with two replications for each test. Simulation results over-predicted tool draft in comparison to the experimental values. The difference between the predicted and measured draft were not consistent and ranged from 1% to 42%, with an average of 24% and 22% for moisture contents of 14% and 20%, respectively. The agreement of simulation data with experimental values was higher at shallow depth of operation and lower tool operating speed. The correlation coefficient between the simulation and experimental draft were found to vary from 0.9275 to 0.9914.