Photoelectron and Penning ionization electron spectrometry with a differential retarding field analyzer

A differential retarding field analyzer of the type described by Lindau et al.² has been tested in detail by photoelectron spectrometry in the 0–10-eV range. A resolution of 17 meV was obtained together with a satisfactory line-shape and sensitivity. The important potential parameters concerning resolution and line-shape, and the energy-dependence of the transmission of the analyzer have been determined experimentally. As a first application, Penning ionization electron spectra for the systems He(2³S)-N₂ O₂, and HCl have been obtained with the transmission-calibrated analyzer.