Force production and asymmetric deformation of a flexible flapping wing in forward flight |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235-1592, USA;2. Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China;1. Department of Aerodynamics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Yudao Street 29, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210016, China;2. School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia;3. Aerodynamics Development Department, AVIC Aerodynamics Research Institute Yangshan Street 1, Shenyang, Liaoning 110034, China;1. École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;2. Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides Numérique,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada;1. Department of Aerodynamics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, PR China;2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States |
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| Abstract: | Insect wings usually are flexible and deform significantly under the combined inertial and aerodynamic load. To study the effect of wing flexibility on both lift and thrust production in forward flight, a two-dimensional numerical simulation is employed to compute the fluid–structure interaction of an elastic wing section translating in an inclined stroke plane while pitching around its leading ledge. The effects of the wing stiffness, mass ratio, stroke plane angle, and flight speed are considered. The results show that the passive pitching due to wing deformation can significantly increase thrust while either maintaining lift at the same level or increasing it simultaneously. Another important finding is that even though the wing structure and actuation kinematics are symmetric, chordwise deformation of the wing shows a larger magnitude during upstroke than during downstroke. The asymmetry is more pronounced when the wing has a low mass ratio so that the fluid-induced deformation is significant. Such an aerodynamic cause may serve as an additional mechanism for the asymmetric deformation pattern observed in real insects. |
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