热聚合硫氰酸铵制备多孔 g-C3N4纳米片及其可见光催化分解水制氢性能

二维层状半导体材料与其体相堆积结构相比表现出独特的性质,有望在纳米材料科学领域取得新的突破.基于对太阳能利用的研究,二维半导体光催化材料引起了研究者的广泛关注.诸多半导体材料已被设计合成二维纳米片结构应用于光催化领域,如 MoS2, WS2, SnS2和TiO2等.石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)是一种典型的非金属二维聚合物半导体.二维层状结构的组成使得 g-C3N4纳米片能够表现出优异的光电性质.然而,其合成目前仍然存在很大困难.目前已报道的单层或多层 g-C3N4的制备主要有超声辅助溶剂剥离法、热处理法、插层法和电化学合成法等.但这些方法存在合成复杂和引入结构缺陷等不足.另外,在体相组成中插入孔结构也能够提高 g-C3N4的光催化活性.目前常用的方法主要是模板法.然而,在这些生孔过程中往往引起聚合度降低,增加长程无序度,不利于光生载流子的传输.因此,如果将多孔结构引入 g-C3N4纳米片,同时提高其聚合度结构,将在很大程度上提高其光催化性能.本文利用直接氨气热聚合的方法,将硫氰酸铵进行高温热处理,一步法合成出较高聚合度的多孔 g-C3N4纳米片,在可见光照射下表现出较高的产氢活性和稳定性.采用 X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、荧光光谱(PL)和电子顺磁共振(EPR)等方法对多孔 g-C3N4纳米片结构进行了详细表征.在助催化剂 Pt存在下,采用可见光照射(>420 nm)分解水产氢的方法评价了其光催化性能.结果表明,热处理温度对产物结构及性能具有较大影响. XRD结果表明,在450oC热处理,硫氰酸铵未完全聚合,与前期氮气热处理的结论不同.当热聚合温度上升至500oC,石墨相结构形成.至600oC时,石墨相的层间距缩小,且聚合度没有明显下降.这表明氨气气氛抑制了原料分解,提高了分解聚合温度,同时增加了产物的聚合度. FTIR结果表明,热聚合温度对产物 C–N共轭结构改变不大,但在810 cm–1处的峰位向长波数移动,表明七嗪环单元含量增加,再次证明高的热聚合温度没有造成明显的结构分解,反而促进了聚合结构的形成.扫描电镜与氮气吸脱附分析表明,随着聚合温度升高,产物粒子尺寸变小,形貌呈现层状分布,并伴随多孔状的产生,因此比表面积和孔体积显著增大,吸收带边发生蓝移. PL和 EPR结果表明,聚合温度从500增至600oC,样品光生载流子的复合速率下降,导带离域电子密度增加,从而有利于光催化性能的提高.光解水产氢性能测试表明,聚合温度升高有利于催化剂产氢速率提高；600oC所得样品的产氢速率达340μmol/h.进一步分析表明,产氢速率与比表面积基本成正相关关系,说明层状多孔结构的形成是影响产氢性能的重要因素.经过多轮循环测试,其产氢性能保持稳定而没有显著下降,表明其活性稳定性良好.

Polycondensation of ammonium thiocyanate into novel porous g-C3N4 nanosheets as photocatalysts for enhanced hydrogen evolution under visible light irradiation

Porous graphitic carbon nitride (pg‐C3N4) nanosheets have been prepared through a one‐step am‐monia thermopolymerization method. The effects of synthetic temperature on the structural, optical and photocatalytic properties of the samples have been investigated. Characterization results show that the heptazine‐based conjugate heterocyclic structure was formed over 500 °C, which is at‐tributed to the inhibitory effect of ammonia from the decomposition of NH4SCN. Precise nanosheet morphology and an increased pore distribution with an enlarged surface area are observed for the samples obtained under high temperatures. Optical analysis results show that the bandgap of the samples widens and photoluminescene intensity is gradually quenched as the treating temperature is increased. The results demonstrate that a higher polymerization temperature improves the nanolayer structure, porosity and migration rate of the photo‐induced carriers of the samples. The pg‐C3N4 nanosheets prepared at 600 °C presents the highest photocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution from water under visible‐light irradiation. This study demonstrates a novel strategy for the synthesis and optimization of polymer semiconductor nanosheets with gratifying photocatalytic performance.