Assuring trueness of analytical results

Summary A true analytical result presumes an analytical procedure without systematic errors. They can be detected by comparing the analytical results with the true value or with an accepted reference. Systematic errors are always superimposed by the random error, therefore such a comparison must include statistical tests. The paper describes suitable test-models for typical analytical problems, as e.g. the validation of an analytical procedure or the (current) control of analytical work. Furthermore, explanations will be given for the interpretation of the test results due to the trueness of analytical data and for the consequences concerning analytical work.