1.Nanoscience Research Laboratory, School of Nano Science and Technology,National Institute of Technology Calicut,Calicut,India
Abstract:
Electrochemical DNA sensors represent a simple, accurate and economical platform for DNA detection. Gold nanoparticles are known to be efficient labels in electrochemical sensors and to be viable materials to modify the surface of electrodes thereby to enhance the detection limit of the sensor. For surface modification, gold nanoparticles are used in combination with nanomaterials like graphene, graphene oxide, or carbon nanotubes to improve electrochemical performance in general. This review (with 116 refs.) mainly covers the advances made in recent years in the use of gold nanoparticles in DNA sensing. It is divided into the following main sections: (a) An introduction covers aspects of electrochemical sensing of DNA and of appropriate nanomaterials in general. (b) The use of gold nanoparticles in DNA is specifically addressed next, with subsections on AuNPs acting as electrochemical labels, electron transfer mediators, signal amplifiers, carriers of electroactive molecules, catalysts, immobilization platforms, on silver enhancement strategies, on AuNPs modified with carbonaceous materials (such as graphenes and nanotubes), and on multiple amplification schemes. The review concludes with a discussion of current challenges and trends in terms of highly sensitive DNA based sensing using AuNPs.
Graphical abstract The review describes the state of the art in the use of gold nanoparticles in the electrochemical DNA sensors and contains sections on the use of AuNPs as labels, signal amplifiers, carriers of electroactive molecules, catalyst, immobilization platform, and on silver enhancement and multiple amplification strategies.
