Indoor air quality: validation and setting up quality control for determination of anions and cations in particulate matter |
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Authors: | Maria Trancoso Ana Sousa Filomena Mouro Maria C Freitas Susana Almeida Nuno Canha |
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Institution: | (1) Laborat?rio Nacional de Energia e Geologia, LNEG, UB, Laborat?rio de Biocombust?veis e Ambiente, Estrada do Pa?o do Lumiar, Edif?cio E, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal;(2) Instituto Tecnol?gico e Nuclear, URSN, E.N. 10, 2686-953 Sacav?m, Portugal |
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Abstract: | In recent years, the indoor air quality has been studied more frequently due to an increasing concern within the scientific
community on the effects of indoor air quality upon health. The indoor air quality studies of schools have a large impact
in both health and educational performance of children since they constitute a sensitive group with higher risk than adults,
particularly vulnerable to pollutants due to their undeveloped airways. A total of 14 basic schools located in Lisbon city,
Portugal, were selected for sampling the total particulate matter (TPM) by passive deposition into polycarbonate filters and
to assess the indoor air quality. Compared to automatic samplers, this passive sampling method represents an easier and cheaper
way to assess several indoor air quality environments with no interference in the classroom activities. The procedure was
performed on four different campaigns during 2009–2010. The filter loads were measured by gravimetry with a 0.1-μg sensitivity
balance and, afterwards, the TPM water-soluble ions content was assessed by ionic chromatography (Cl−, NO3
−, PO4
3− and SO4
2−); flame absorption (Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+). The performance characteristics of the methods, namely specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, working
range, precision and trueness were evaluated. Measurement uncertainty was expressed in terms of precision and trueness. Precision
under intralaboratory reproducibility conditions was estimated from triplicate analysis. The trueness component was estimated
in terms of overall recovery using the reference material SPS-NUTR WW2 Batch 107, from Spectrapure Standards, Oslo, Norway,
for anions and the certified reference material CRM 1643e, from NIST, Gaithersburg, MD for cations. Measurement uncertainty
of the results obtained with the methods described in this work fulfilled the relative differences (RD) defined by the anion−cation balance in the extraction solutions of the particulate matter. Target RD values were defined: RD < 0.05. |
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