Steganalysis and improvement of a quantum steganography protocol via GHZ4 state |
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Institution: | a Information Security Center, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China;b Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computer Network, Shandong Computer Science Center, Jinan 250014, China;c State Key Laboratory of Information Security, (Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Beijing 100093, China |
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Abstract: | Quantum steganography that utilizes quantum mechanical effect to achieve the purpose of information hiding is a popular topic of quantum information. Recently, El Allati et al. proposed a new quantum steganography using GHZ4 state. Since all of the 8 groups of unitary transformations used in the secret message encoding rule change the GHZ4 state into 6 instead of 8 different quantum states when the global phase is not considered, we point out that a 2-bit instead of a 3-bit secret message can be encoded by one group of the given unitary transformations. To encode a 3-bit secret message by performing a group of unitary transformations on the GHZ4 state, we give another 8 groups of unitary transformations that can change the GHZ4 state into 8 different quantum states. Due to the symmetry of the GHZ4 state, all the possible 16 groups of unitary transformations change the GHZ4 state into 8 different quantum states, so the improved protocol achieves a high efficiency. |
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Keywords: | quantum steganography GHZ4 entangled state quantum cryptography quantum communication |
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