约瑟夫森器件中的宏观量子现象及超导量子计算

超导体中的电子结成库珀对，凝聚到可以用一个宏观波函数来描绘的能量基态，该波函数的位相是代表了成百万库珀对集体运动的宏观变量．以约瑟夫森结为基础元件的超导约瑟夫森器件，使人们能够控制并测量一个超导体的位相和库珀对数目，因此是研究宏观量子现象的理想系统．文章回顾了约瑟夫森器件中的宏观量子现象研究的发展历程，介绍了当前超导约瑟夫森器件在量子计算中的重要应用，并对它们的未来作了简要的展望．

Macroscopic quantum phenomena and quantum computation in superconducting Josephson devices

Electrons in a superconductor form Cooper pairs and thus condense into a ground state which can be described by a macroscopic quantum wavefunction. The phase of the wavefunction represents a collective movement of millions of Cooper pairs. Using devices based on Josephson tunnel junctions we are able to control and detect the phase and number of Cooper pairs in a superconductor. Josephson devices are therefore excellent systems for demonstrating macroscopic quantum phenomena. We present a short review of the macroscopic quantum phenomena in superconducting Josephson devices, as well as their applications and prospects in quantum computationl.