Qualitative characterization of ultrasound reactors for heterogeneous sonochemistry |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA;2. School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA;1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore;2. Advanced Remanufacturing and Technology Centre, 3 Cleantech Loop, #01/01 CleanTech Two, Singapore 637143, Singapore;1. University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Spl. Independentei nr. 313, Sector 6, Bucharest RO-060042, Romania;2. SonoChem Centre Ltd, Bank Gallery, High Street, Kenilworth, England CV8 1LY, United Kingdom;1. National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies ICSI, Rm. Valcea, Romania;2. Romanian Association for Hydrogen Energy, Rm. Valcea, Romania |
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| Abstract: | Several measurement methods (thermocouple probe, perforation of aluminium foils by cavitation, chemical dosimeter) are used to characterize the sound fields of low and high intensity ultrasound reactors and to find optimal conditions for the ultrasonic irradiation of heterogeneous reaction mixtures. In this Paper it is shown that, due to the formation of standing waves, the local ultrasound intensity in a flask fixed in an ultrasonic cleaner is strongly susceptible to small changes in experimental conditions. It is also shown that high intensity ultrasound sources, such as an ultrasonic horn, tend to uncouple: that is, cavitation only occurs at the radiating surface and only marginal ultrasound intensity can be detected elsewhere in the surrounding liquid. |
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