On‐site sampling and sample‐preparation approach with a portable sampler based on hollow‐fiber/graphene bars for the microextraction of nitrobenzene compounds in lake water

A novel on‐site sampling and sample‐preparation approach was developed and evaluated in the present work. In this procedure, hollow‐fiber/graphene bars (HF/GBs) were used for sampling and sample preparation. A handheld battery‐operated electric egg beater was utilized to support the HF/GBs and stir the sample solution to facilitate extraction at the sampling site. Four nitrobenzene compounds (nitrobenzene, o‐nitrophenol, m‐nitrophenol, and p‐nitrophenol) were used as model compounds. Several factors affecting performance, including types and amount of graphene used and extraction and desorption times, were investigated and optimized in the laboratory. Under optimized conditions, the enrichment factors of the four nitrobenzene compounds ranged from 46 to 69. Good linearities of 0.01–10 μg/mL with regression coefficients between 0.9917 and 0.9973 were obtained for all analytes. The LOD of the method was 0.3 ng/mL. Satisfactory recoveries (98–102%) and precision (1.0–5.8%) were also achieved. The ultrastructures and extraction mechanism of the HF/GBs were characterized and analyzed. The proposed approach coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography was successfully applied in the extraction and determination of trace nitrobenzene compounds in lake water. Experimental results showed that the approach is simple, convenient, rapid, and practical for routine environmental monitoring.