Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic degradation of naproxen |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Molecular Modelling and Spectroscopy Research Team, Faculty of Science, Chouaïb Doukkali University, P.O. Box 20, 24000, El Jadida, Morocco;2. Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaïb Doukkali University, P.O. Box 20, 24000, El Jadida, Morocco;3. Laboratory of Natural Substances Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box 2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco;4. Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Laboratory Applied Materials, Faculty of Sciences-Ben M''sik, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco;1. Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, 3220, Victoria, Australia;2. Nano Surface Texturing Lab, Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune, 411025, India;3. Fiber Science and Technology, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong;1. Department of Catalysis and Fine Chemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India;2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India;1. Deputy for Research and Innovation Infrastructure, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Babarsari Postal Code 6101 ykbb, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia;2. Research Center for Mining Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Kawasan Sains Tanjung Bintang Jl. Sutami KM 15, Tanjung Bintang, Lampung Selatan, 35361, Indonesia;1. School of Applied Science and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, 721657, India;2. Departments of Chemistry, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, 736101, India;3. Center for Basic Sciences, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, 492010, (C.G), India;4. Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK;5. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China |
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| Abstract: | This work describes the degradation of synthetic water containing an elevated NAP concentration using the ultrasound and commercial Laccase enzyme (LT-100) by optimizing the system's parameters, such as ultrasound power, % duty cycle, enzyme concentration, and thermal environment. The established optimum condition obtained at a temperature of 40 °C, enzyme concentration 0.15% (w/v), ultrasound power 50 W, and 50% duty cycle of 10 min resulted in extreme NAP degradation of 96% in a time of 150 min. A noticeable improvement (67%) in the degradation of NAP was observed with enzyme and ultrasound than in the ultrasound only. An ultrasound-assisted enzymatic reaction showed a significant synergy effect under US irradiation, as evidenced by synergetic index values ranging from 0.873 to 1.841 for NAP. Radical scavenging experiments and LC/MS analysis revealed that hydroxylation, demethylation, and decarboxylation are the main chemical mechanisms involved in the degradation of NAP. The kinetic study showed that the degradation of NAP follows Michaelis Menten's kinetics having Vmax and Km as 3.3 μM/min and 18.3 μM, respectively. Low Km finding indicates there is much more enzyme compatibility towards the substrate. Furthermore, a toxicity study conducted on Naproxen revealed that the solutions obtained after the process exhibited approximately 80–85% less toxicity compared to the initial naproxen solutions. |
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| Keywords: | Naproxen Laccase enzyme Ultrasound irradiation Sonoenzymatic Kinetic |
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