A potential pentaerythritol-based bio-lubricants from 10-undecylenic acid: Its physico-chemical assessment |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Chemistry, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran;2. Department of Chemistry, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran;1. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria;2. Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA;3. Department of Physics, University of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Umuagwo, P.M.B 1038, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria;4. NPU-NCP Joint International Research Center on Advanced Nanomaterials and Defects Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi''an, 710072, China;5. Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET) IThemba LABS-National Research Foundation, 1 Old Faure Road, Somerset West 7129, P.O. Box 722, Somerset West, Western Cape Province, South Africa;6. Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria;7. UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences/Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa (UNISA), Muckleneuk Ridge, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa;8. Africa Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Power and Energy Development (ACE-SPED), University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria;1. Department of Mathematics, College of Engineering and Technology, Srinivas University, Mangalore, 574146, India;2. Department of Mathematics, Bapuji Institute of Engineering & Technology, Davanagere, 577004, India;3. Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Bapuji Institute of Engineering & Technology, Davanagere, 577004, India;4. Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering and Technology, Srinivas University, Mangalore, 574146, India;1. Department of Physics, Science Faculty, Eski?ehir Technical University, Eski?ehir, Turkey;2. Department of Physics, Science Faculty, Ondokuz May?s University, Samsun, Turkey;3. Department of Physics, Science Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, 35040, Turkey;1. Department of Physics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, A.P, India;2. Department of Basic Science and Humanities, Raghu Institute of Technology (A), Dakamarri, Bheemunipatnam Mandal, Visakhapatnam, A.P., India;3. Department of Physics, Sri Venkateswara College, Benito Juarez Marg, Dhaula, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110021, India;4. Department of Engineering Physics, AUCE (A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, A.P, India;5. Department of Physics, College of Natural and Computational Science, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia;1. School of Aviation and Transportation, Jiangsu College of Engineering and Technology, Nantong, 226007, China;2. School of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining, 810007, China |
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| Abstract: | In this study, renewable, non-toxic, sulphur free bio-lubricants are synthesized as alternative for fossil fuels. We utilized a bio-derived 10-undecylenic acid (UDA) and pentaerythritol (PE) as raw materials to synthesize bio-lubricants by two-step chemical processes like esterification and followed by epoxidation reactions. And achieved a UDA-PE epoxide yielded 73.4%. The formation of UDA-PE ester and UDA-PE epoxide was confirmed by spectral analysis such as NMR (1H and 13C), FTIR and mass spectra, Physico-chemical and basic lubricant properties by standard American Society for Testing and Materials methods (ASTM). The results showed that the products of UDA-PE ester and UDA-PE epoxide had high viscosity index (262 and 200), good pour points (?29 °C to ?15 °C), high flash points (296 °C and 301 °C) respectively and these met the ISO VG (International Organization for Standardization-Viscosity grade) 22 and 220 standard values. In general, both synthesized products are plausible to be employed as bio-lubricant in industrial application. |
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| Keywords: | Pentaerythritol 10-Undecylenic acid Esterification Epoxidation UDA-PE ester UDA-PE epoxide Bio-lubricant Physico-chemical characterization |
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