A variational theory for monotone vector fields

Monotone vector fields were introduced almost 40 years ago as nonlinear extensions of positive definite linear operators, but also as natural extensions of gradients of convex potentials. These vector fields are not always derived from potentials in the classical sense, and as such they are not always amenable to the standard methods of the calculus of variations. We describe here how the selfdual variational calculus, developed recently by the author, provides a variational approach to PDEs and evolution equations driven by maximal monotone operators. To any such vector field T on a reflexive Banach space X, one can associate a convex selfdual Lagrangian L _T on the phase space X × X ^* that can be seen as a “potential” for T, in the sense that the problem of inverting T reduces to minimizing a convex energy functional derived from L _T . This variational approach to maximal monotone operators allows their theory to be analyzed with the full range of methods—computational or not—that are available for variational settings. Standard convex analysis (on phase space) can then be used to establish many old and new results concerned with the identification, superposition, and resolution of such vector fields. Dedicated to Felix Browder on his 80th birthday