原位电离与小型质谱在公共安全领域的应用

质谱作为一种具有高准确度、高灵敏度、高选择性的检测仪器,在公共安全领域有着重要的应用前景。公共安全领域的需求主要涉及毒品、毒物、爆炸物等化学物质的现场快速检测,因其影响广泛,检测结果需非常准确。作为实验室分析仪器,质谱的准确性和速度能满足公共安全的应用需求,但作为现场快速检测的仪器仍需要一定改进。现场快速检测一方面要求检测仪器的小型化,另一方面要求样品前处理的简单化,以使整个检测流程可以无需专业人员来完成。对于检测仪器的小型化,小型质谱的开发在近20年得到了充分发展;对于样品前处理的简单化,研究者发明了原位电离技术,使得基质复杂的被分析物无需前处理即可进行质谱检测。该文首先介绍了原位电离技术的发展及其在公共安全领域的应用,特别是对解吸附电喷雾电离、实时直接分析电离、激光烧蚀电喷雾电离、纸喷雾电离与纸毛细管喷雾电离等典型原位电离技术的原理、性能及在公共安全领域的应用进行了详细介绍,并讨论了几种原位电离现场定量方法。然后,对原位电离小型质谱的发展进行了综述,从最初的小型化离子阱,到仅能检测可挥发有机物的小型质谱,再到可检测非挥发性物质的常规大气压电离源小型质谱,最后发展成为有原位电离源的小型质谱,历经20年的发展使得原位电离小型质谱得以出现和提升。并列举了原位电离小型质谱在毒品现场检测与吸毒人员排查、爆炸物现场侦察、食品安全之农用化学品检测、药物质量检查等公共安全领域的应用。最后,对原位电离小型质谱的发展进行了展望,指出原位电离与小型质谱相结合是小型质谱发展的必然趋势,未来需使用更加智能化的原位电离小型质谱,结合云数据平台,实现更方便广泛的应用。

Applications of Ambient Ionization and Miniature Mass Spectrometry in Public Security

As a chemical analysis technology,mass spectrometry has the advantages such as high specificity,high sensitivity and high quantitation accuracy,in comparison with other analysis methods.Mass spectrometry has a great application potential in the area of public security which is featured with needs of rapid on site detection on dangerous chemicals such as drugs,poisons and explosives.The analysis results also need to be quite accurate due to the potential significant impact on public lives following with the corresponding actions.While the specificity and the speed of mass spectrometry in analytical labs could meet the application needs for public security,some substantial development is still required to make the mass spectrometry analysis system suitable for rapid on-site detection.First of all,the instrument itself needs to become portable.Secondly,the sample preparation process needs to be simplified,so that everyone could perform the entire analysis process.Besides,the analysis results should be reported in a fashion directly supporting the decision making.A significant effort has been put into the miniaturization of mass spectrometers,and ambient ionization techniques have also been developed to replace traditional sample preparation.The target analytes in complex sample matrices could be directly analyzed by mass spectrometers without complicated sample treatment or chromatographic separation.In this review, we first introduce the development of ambient ionization techniques and their applications in the field of public security, along with details of several typical ambient ionization techniques(desorption electrospray ionization, direct analysis in real time, laser ablation electrospray ionization, paper spray ionization and paper capillary spray) such as their mechanisms, specifications and applications in public security.On site quantitation methods are also discussed here.Next,the development of integrated miniature mass spectrometry systems is reviewed.Through the two decade development,ambient ionization miniature mass spectrometer has evolved from the initial miniature ion traps to the miniature mass spectrometer that is only compatible with volatile chemicals,then to the miniature mass spectrometer that could analyze non volatile chemicals with traditional atmospheric ionization techniques and finally to the miniature mass spectrometer with ambient ionization source.Then,the applications of ambient ionization miniature mass spectrometer are demonstrated,including on site analysis of drugs of abuse and people with drug addiction,forensic analysis of explosives,agrochemical analysis that is related to food safety,and quality inspection of medicine.Finally,the future of ambient ionization miniature mass spectrometer is also speculated.It is a general trend for miniature mass spectrometer to be used together with ambient ionization.Wider applications of the ambient ionization miniature mass spectrometer could be achieved as it combines with cloud data platform in the future and becomes more intelligent.