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Multi-Elemental Analysis as a Tool to Ascertain the Safety and the Origin of Beehive Products: Development,Validation, and Application of an ICP-MS Method on Four Unifloral Honeys Produced in Sardinia,Italy
Authors:Andrea Mara  Sara Deidda  Marco Caredda  Marco Ciulu  Mario Deroma  Emanuele Farinini  Ignazio Floris  Ilaria Langasco  Riccardo Leardi  Maria I Pilo  Nadia Spano  Gavino Sanna
Institution:1.Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.); (S.D.); (M.C.); (I.L.); (M.I.P.); (N.S.);2.AGRIS Sardegna, Loc. Bonassai S.S. 291 Km 18.6, I-07100 Sassari, Italy;3.Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39/a, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.D.); (I.F.);4.Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, I-16148 Genova, Italy; (E.F.); (R.L.)
Abstract:Despite unifloral honeys from Sardinia, Italy, being appreciated worldwide for their peculiar organoleptic features, their elemental signature has only partly been investigated. Hence, the principal aim of this study was to measure the concentration of trace and toxic elements (i.e., Ag, As, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Te, Tl, V, and Zn) in four unifloral honeys produced in Sardinia. For this purpose, an original ICP-MS method was developed, fully validated, and applied on unifloral honeys from asphodel, eucalyptus, strawberry tree, and thistle. Particular attention was paid to the method’s development: factorial design was applied for the optimization of the acid microwave digestion, whereas the instrumental parameters were tuned to minimize the polyatomic interferences. Most of the analytes’ concentration ranged between the relevant LoDs and few mg kg−1, while toxic elements were present in negligible amounts. The elemental signatures of asphodel and thistle honeys were measured for the first time, whereas those of eucalyptus and strawberry tree honeys suggested a geographical differentiation if compared with the literature. Chemometric analysis allowed for the botanical discrimination of honeys through their elemental signature, whereas linear discriminant analysis provided an accuracy level of 87.1%.
Keywords:honey  ICP-MS  trace elements  toxic elements  botanical origin  geographical origin  asphodel  eucalyptus  strawberry tree  thistle
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