Recent advances in the electric double layer in colloid science

The interaction between charged colloidal particles is mediated by their electric double layers. Given that pairs of like-charged particles experience a repulsion, why do some dilute colloidal dispersions become unstable and condense at low ionic strengths? This puzzling paradox appears to have been largely resolved over the past year by a careful analysis of all the contributions to the thermodynamic potential of the dispersion. Condensation can be predicted using the traditional pair repulsion of the Poisson–Boltzmann theory without invoking any long-range attractions in the pair potential. However, it has emerged that one has to go beyond the Poisson–Boltzmann theory to account for the instability that occurs in confined colloidal dispersions. Other recent advances in the ubiquitous Poisson–Boltzmann theory have included effective surface charge approaches in calculating the electrokinetic zeta potential, and the modelling of charge regulation in colloidal systems.