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The energy spectrum of 662 keV photons in a water equivalent phantom
Authors:U Akar Tarim  O Gurler  EN Ozmutlu  S Yalcin  O Gundogdu  JM Sharaf  DA Bradley
Institution:1. Physics Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Uludag University, Gorukle Campus, 16059 Bursa, Turkey;2. Kastamonu University, Education Faculty, 37200 Kastamonu, Turkey;3. Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, 41100 Kocaeli, Turkey;4. Department of Physics, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan;5. Department of Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom;1. Department of Anesthesiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan;2. Department of Physiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan;1. Dpt. de Física de Partículas, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain;2. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;3. Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany;4. GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany;5. Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain;6. Department of Physics, Lund University, SE 221 00 Lund, Sweden;7. ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI and Research Division, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany;8. Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;9. Centro de Fsica Nuclear da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal;10. STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom;11. Instituto de Estructura de la Materia CSIC, Madrid, Spain;1. Department of Anaesthetics, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK;2. Department of Leucocyte Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK;3. Magill Department of Anaesthetics, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK;4. Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK;5. Edinburgh MRC Hub for Trials Methodology Research, Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK;6. Department of Anaesthetics, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK;7. Department of Vascular Surgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK;8. Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK;1. Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DICCA), University of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 15, 16145 Genoa, Italy;2. Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy;3. Aragon Institute of Nanoscience (INA) and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain;4. Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain;1. Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Uludag, 16059 Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey;2. Department of Zootechnics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Uludag, 16059 Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey;3. Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Uludag, 16059 Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey;4. Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Uludag, 16059 Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey
Abstract:Investigation is made on the energy spectrum of photons originating from interactions of 662 keV primary gamma-ray photons emitted by a point source positioned at the centre of a water equivalent solid phantom of dimensions 19 cm×19 cm×24 cm. Peaks resulting from total energy loss (photopeak) and multiple and back scattering have been observed using a 51 mm×51 mm NaI(Tl) detector; good agreement being found between the measured and simulated response functions. The energy spectrum of the gamma photons obtained through the Monte Carlo simulation reveals local maxima at about 100 keV and 210 keV, being also observed in the experimental response function. Such spectra can be used as a method of testing the water equivalence of solid phantom media before their use for dosimetry measurements.
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