Nonflammable pseudoconcentrated electrolytes for batteries

Electrolyte is essentially important for electrochemical and safety performance of batteries. The pseudoconcentrated electrolyte, with lean solvent but anion-involved solvation sheath and heterogeneous long-range structure, endows the electrolyte with superior interfacial properties and the bulk properties, enabling the high-voltage lithium-ion battery, lithium-metal battery, and sodium battery with outstanding electrochemical performances. Nonflammable solvents as diluent in the pseudoconcentrated electrolyte can reach 30–60% by volume share, making the electrolyte nonflammable and then showing great possibility in mitigating the thermal runaway of the battery. As a new family of liquid electrolyte, nonflammable pseudoconcentrated electrolyte is promising for high safety and high energy density secondary batteries.