Coulomb excitation of double giant dipole resonances

We implement the Brink–Axel hypothesis for the excitation of the double giant dipole resonance (DGDR): the background states which couple to the one-phonon giant dipole resonance are themselves capable of dipole absorption. These states (and the ones which couple to the two-phonon resonance) are described in terms of the gaussian orthogonal ensemble of random matrices. We use second-order time-dependent perturbation theory and calculate analytically the ensemble-averaged cross section for excitation of the DGDR. Numerical calculations illuminate the mechanism and the dependence of the cross section on the various parameters of the theory, and are specifically performed for the reaction ²⁰⁸Pb + ²⁰⁸Pb at a projectile energy of 640 MeV/nucleon. We show that the contribution of the background states to the excitation of the DGDR is significant. We find that the width of the DGDR, the energy-integrated cross section and the ratio of this quantity over the energy-integrated cross section for the single giant dipole resonance, all agree with experiment within experimental errors. We compare our approach with that of Carlson et al. who have used a similar physical picture.