Application of infrared lock-in thermography for the quantitative evaluation of bruises on pears |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Korea Basic Science Institute, 169–148 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Bioindustrial Machinery Engineering, Pusan National University, 50 Samnangjin-eup, Miryang 627-706, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea;1. Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;2. United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;1. Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany;2. Jenoptik Optical Systems GmbH, Jena, Germany;3. Dekra, Halle, Germany;1. College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;2. Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China;3. National Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China;1. Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, South African Research Chair in Postharvest Technology, Department of Food Science, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa;2. Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, South African Research Chair in Postharvest Technology, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa |
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| Abstract: | An infrared lock-in thermography technique was adjusted for the detection of early bruises on pears. This mechanical damage is usually difficult to detect in the early stage after harvested using conventional visual sorting or CCD sensor-based imaging processing methods. We measured the thermal emission signals from pears using a highly sensitive mid-infrared thermal camera. These images were post-processed using a lock-in method that utilized the periodic thermal energy input to the pear. By applying the lock-in method to infrared thermography, the detection sensitivity and signal to noise ratio were enhanced because of the phase-sensitive narrow-band filtering effect. It was also found that the phase information of thermal emission from pears provides good metrics with which to identify quantitative information about both damage size and damage depth for pears. Additionally, a photothermal model was implemented to investigate the behavior of thermal waves on pears under convective conditions. Theoretical results were compared to experimental results. These results suggested that the proposed lock-in thermography technique and resultant phase information can be used to detect mechanical damage to fruit, especially in the early stage of bruising. |
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| Keywords: | Infrared lock-in thermography Photothermal wave Postharvest Bruise Nondestructive evaluation Pear |
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