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The Dempster–Shafer calculus for statisticians
Authors:AP Dempster  
Institution:

aHarvard University, Department of Statistics, 1 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States

Abstract:The Dempster–Shafer (DS) theory of probabilistic reasoning is presented in terms of a semantics whereby every meaningful formal assertion is associated with a triple (pqr) where p is the probability “for” the assertion, q is the probability “against” the assertion, and r is the probability of “don’t know”. Arguments are presented for the necessity of “don’t know”. Elements of the calculus are sketched, including the extension of a DS model from a margin to a full state space, and DS combination of independent DS uncertainty assessments on the full space. The methodology is applied to inference and prediction from Poisson counts, including an introduction to the use of join-tree model structure to simplify and shorten computation. The relation of DS theory to statistical significance testing is elaborated, introducing along the way the new concept of “dull” null hypothesis.
Keywords:Dempster–Shafer  Belief functions  State space  Poisson model  Join-tree computation  Statistical significance  Dull null hypothesis
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