Mechanisms and measurements of nanomaterial-induced oxidative damage to DNA |
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Authors: | Elijah J Petersen Bryant C Nelson |
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Institution: | (1) Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, Biochemical Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001, USA; |
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Abstract: | Many of the current investigations on the environmental and human health risks of engineered nanomaterials focus on their
short-term acute toxicity. However, the long-term chronic effects of nanomaterials on living systems, and in particular, on
the genetic components of living systems, also warrant attention. An increasing number of nanomaterial safety studies include
an assessment of genotoxicity as part of the overall risk evaluation. The potential of nanomaterials to directly or indirectly
promote the formation of reactive oxygen species is one of the primary steps in their genotoxic repertoire. The subsequent
modification of genomic DNA by reactive oxygen species could lead to the development of mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, or other
age-related diseases if the DNA damage is not repaired. This review focuses on the interactions of nanomaterials with DNA
and specifically on the capacity of some nanomaterials to induce oxidative damage to DNA. A critical assessment of the analytical
methodology and the potential biochemical mechanisms involved in nanomaterial induction of oxidative damage to DNA is presented,
results obtained for the various studies with each nanomaterial are compared, and recommendations for future research are
discussed. Researchers should consider, among other experimental recommendations, (1) the application of more chromatography-based
and mass-spectrometry-based analytical techniques to the assessment of oxidative damage to DNA to facilitate an enhanced understanding
of DNA damage mechanisms and (2) the verification of cellular viability before conducting genotoxicity assays to reduce the
impact of fragmented DNA, formed as a consequence of cell death, on DNA damage measurements. |
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