Synthesis and conformational analysis of efrapeptins |
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Authors: | Weigelt Sven Huber Thomas Hofmann Frank Jost Micha Ritzefeld Markus Luy Burkhard Freudenberger Christoph Majer Zsuzsanna Vass Elemér Greie Jörg-Christian Panella Lavinia Kaptein Bernard Broxterman Quirinus B Kessler Horst Altendorf Karlheinz Hollósi Miklós Sewald Norbert |
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Affiliation: | 1. Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, P.?O. Box 100131, 33501 Bielefeld (Germany);2. Institute for Advanced Study, Department of Chemistry, TU Munich and Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching (Germany);3. Institute of Chemistry, E?tv?s Loránd University, PO Box 32, 1518 Budapest 112 (Hungary);4. Department of Microbiology, Osnabrück University, 49069 Osnabrück (Germany);5. DSM Innovative Synthesis BV, P.?O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen (The Netherlands);6. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589 (Saudi Arabia) |
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Abstract: | The efrapeptin family of peptide antibiotics produced by the fungus Tolypocladium niveum, and the neo‐efrapeptins from the fungus Geotrichum candidumare inhibitors of F1‐ATPase with promising antitumor, antimalaria, and insecticidal activity. They are rich in Cα‐dialkyl amino acids (Aib, Iva, Acc) and contain one β‐alanine and several pipecolic acid residues. The C‐terminus bears an unusual heterocyclic cationic cap. The efrapeptins C–G and three analogues of efrapeptin C were synthesized using α‐azido carboxylic acids as masked amino acid derivatives. All compounds display inhibitory activity toward F1‐ATPase. The conformation in solution of the peptides was investigated with electronic CD spectroscopy, FT‐IR spectroscopy, and VCD spectroscopy. All efrapeptins and most efrapeptin analogues were shown to adopt helical conformations in solution. In the case of efrapeptin C, VCD spectra proved that a 310‐helix prevails. In addition, efrapeptin C was conformationally studied in detail with NMR and molecular modeling. Besides NOE distance restraints, residual dipolar couplings (RDC) observed upon partial alignment with stretched PDMS gels were used for the conformational analysis and confirmed the 310‐helical conformation. |
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Keywords: | CD spectroscopy conformation analysis enzymes NMR spectroscopy peptaibiotics |
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