Valorization of industrial waste lignin via pyrolysis in the presence of additives: Formation,characterization, and application of fuel valued bio-oil and activated char

The annual production of over 50 million tonnes of industrial waste kraft lignin and scant utilization invites environmental concern. To explore the potential of simultaneously produced bio-oil and modified char (Activated char), lignin from industrial effluents was subjected to pyrolytic degradation at 380 °C using various additives, viz., H₃BO₃, ZnCl₂, and KOH yielding encouraging quantities of bio-oils besides substantial quantities of char. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of gaseous products (by GC-TCD) indicated a mixture of CO, CO₂, H₂, and methane, with some variation in volumetric composition suggesting potential for gaseous fuel/syngas. Gaseous products obtained in the presence of H₃BO₃ have the highest methane percentage. The bio-oils obtained in the presence of H₃BO₃, ZnCl₂, KOH, and only pure lignin under otherwise similar conditions were respectively 37%, 21%, 27%, and 11 wt%. In all cases, mainly bio-oils contain phenols, cyclic esters, and carboxylic acids, as indicated by GC-MS analysis. Elemental (C, H, O) Analyses of bio-oils obtained in the presence of (H₃BO₃, ZnCl₂, and KOH) indicated decreasing oxygen content compared to original lignin, suggesting their prima facie potential to lead to fuel additives/supplements. Similarly, the Char obtained in the presence of H₃BO₃, ZnCl₂, KOH, and only pure lignin were respectively, 40%, 53%, 48%, and 33 wt% with a high calorific value. Char obtained from KOH application demonstrated good uptake of Carbofuran (pesticide) from the aqueous solution. Less modified, cost-effective activated char was characterized using FTIR, TG-DTA, XRD, SEM, and BET-BJH, indicating 188.798 m²/g; this explores the role of KOH to form a microporous structure. Pseudo-second-order kinetics explain chemisorption to be dominant in the adsorption process. Thus, pyrolysis at selected temperatures/additives/and further treatments provides a much better way to utilize industrial waste lignin.