辽代绿琉璃瓦残块的分析研究

琉璃瓦作为古代高等级的建筑材料，从北魏时期就在宫殿、皇家寺庙上开始应用，辽宋时期除了应用在皇室建筑上，并且开始在陵园建筑上使用琉璃瓦。现存的明清时期琉璃瓦普遍存在釉层大量脱落的状况，但研究的这件辽代的绿琉璃瓦残块上，虽然釉层极薄、冰裂纹遍布、表面发白，釉层却整体保存十分完好，几乎没有明显起翘脱落，且具有很好的强度。采用超景深显微观察、扫描电镜能谱分析和X射线衍射分析，结合文献资料，对辽宁北镇医巫闾山辽代帝陵遗址中的新立遗址出土绿琉璃瓦残块进行胎、釉的成分分析，研究其烧造工艺，并对其保存现状和釉层保存完好的原因进行深入探讨。结果表明该绿琉璃瓦胎体原料为优质瓷土加上少量小颗粒砂石，其晶相有石英、α-方石英、硅线石、刚玉，是瓷土作胎的较早范例，为我国使用瓷土烧制琉璃瓦的早期历史和工艺发展提供了佐证。绿色釉层属于PbO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃基础釉体系，以Cu为呈色元素，Pb含量低于明清琉璃瓦，其成分中ZnO的缺失可能是釉面青绿色深浅不一、光泽度较低的原因。绿釉几乎无剥离，胎釉结合强度很好，是由于低铅薄釉降低了热膨胀系数、缓解了应力，胎釉热膨胀系数相配，表层浅裂缝不易联通内部与外界环境。加之其使用和保存环境都较为干燥，降低了水的影响，几乎没出现吸湿膨胀和冰冻膨胀。该工作可为相似文物样品的研究、辽代建筑琉璃构件工艺的研究和琉璃文物的病害和保存提供参考。

Technological Analyses and Research of the Green Glazed Tile Fragments in Liao Dynasty

As an ancient high-class building material, glazed tiles have been used in palaces and royal temples since the Northern Wei dynasty. In the Liao and Song dynasties, glazed tiles were not only used in royal buildings, but also used in cemetery buildings. The existing glazed tile in Ming and Qing dynasties is characterized by a large numbes of glaze layers falling off. However, on this remnant of green glazed tile in liao dynasty studied in this paper, although the glaze layer is extremely thin, ice cracks are all over the surface and the surface is white, the glaze layer is completely well preserved, almost no obvious warping and falling off, and has a good strength. In this paper, the super depth of field microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy spectrum(SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction(XRD) were used to study the technology and preservation of green glazed tile fragments unearthed from Xinli site of Liao dynasty emperial mausoleum site in Yiwulu Mountain of Beizhen Town in Liaoning province. Combining with literature materials, the results show that the raw material of green glazed tile in Liao dynasty is high quality porcelain clay with a few small grains of sand. Its phases include quartz (SiO₂), cristobalite low (SiO₂), sillimanite (Al₂[SiO₄]O) and corundum (Al₂O₃), which is an early example of ceramic clay as body. The green glaze layer belongs to the basic PbO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃ glaze system, which takes Cu as the color element, and the Pb content is lower than that of the glazed tiles of Ming and Ding dynasties. The lack of ZnO in the composition may be the reason why the glaze is of different shades of turquoise and low gloss. Green glaze has almost no peeling, and the bond strength of the glaze is very good, which is because the low lead thin glaze reduces the thermal expansion coefficient, eases the stress, the glaze thermal expansion coefficient matches, and shallow surface cracks are not easy to connect the internal and external environment. In addition, its use and storage environment are relatively dry, reducing the impact of water, almost no hygroscopic expansion and freezing expansion. This paper provides a reference for the study of similar cultural relic samples, the research on the construction technology of colored glaze in Liao dynasty and the preservation of colored glaze cultural relic, and promotes the related research work.