Natural organic matter removal by coagulation during drinking water treatment: A review |
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Authors: | Anu Matilainen Mika Sillanpää |
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Institution: | a Laboratory of Applied Environmental Chemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Patteristonkatu 1, FI-50100 Mikkeli, Finlandb Faculty of Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Patteristonkatu 1, FI-50100 Mikkeli, Finlandc VTT, Materials and Building, Kemistintie 3, Espoo FIN-02044 VTT, Finland |
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Abstract: | Natural organic matter (NOM) is found in all surface, ground and soil waters. An increase in the amount of NOM has been observed over the past 10-20 years in raw water supplies in several areas, which has a significant effect on drinking water treatment. The presence of NOM causes many problems in drinking water and drinking water treatment processes, including (i) negative effect on water quality by causing colour, taste and odor problems, (ii) increased coagulant and disinfectant doses (which in turn results in increased sludge volumes and production of harmful disinfection by-products), (iii) promoted biological growth in distribution system, and (iv) increased levels of complexed heavy metals and adsorbed organic pollutants. NOM can be removed from drinking water by several treatment options, of which the most common and economically feasible processes are considered to be coagulation and flocculation followed by sedimentation/flotation and sand filtration. Most of the NOM can be removed by coagulation, although, the hydrophobic fraction and high molar mass compounds of NOM are removed more efficiently than hydrophilic fraction and the low molar mass compounds. Thus, enhanced and/or optimized coagulation, as well as new process alternatives for the better removal of NOM by coagulation process has been suggested. In the present work, an overview of the recent research dealing with coagulation and flocculation in the removal of NOM from drinking water is presented. |
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Keywords: | AOPs Advanced oxidation processes APAMs Anionic polyacrylamides BAC Biological activated carbon BDOC Biodegradable dissolved organic carbon COD Chemical oxygen demand CPAMs Cationic polyacrylamides DBP Disinfection by-product DBPFP Disinfection by-product formation potential DOC Dissolved organic carbon EC Electrocoagulation GAC Granular activated carbon HAAs Haloacetic acids HMM High molar mass HPAC Composite polyaluminium chloride HPSEC High performance size exclusion chromatography IPFs Inorganic polymer flocculants LMM Low molar mass MCBR Submerged UF membrane coagulation bioreactor MF Microfiltration MIEX Magnetic ion exchange resin MWD Molecular weight distribution NF Nanofiltration NOM Natural organic matter PAA Polyacrylamide PAC Powdered activated carbon PACl Polyaluminium chloride PAF-SiC Poly-aluminium-ferric-silicate-chloride PAS Polyaluminium sulphate PASiC Poly-aluminium-silicate-chloride PDADMAC Polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride PFC Polyferric chloride PFS Polyferric sulphate PFSiS Polyferric silicate sulphate PICl Polymeric iron chloride PSF Polysilicate ferric RO Reverse osmosis SUVA Specific UV absorbance THMFP Trihalomethane formation potential THMs Trihalomethanes TOC Total organic carbon UF Ultrafiltration |
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