Degradation of ibuprofen by hydrodynamic cavitation: Reaction pathways and effect of operational parameters |
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| Institution: | 1. Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Design, Edilizia e Ambiente, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Real Casa dell’Annunziata, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa (CE), Italy;2. Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione e di Economia, Università dell’Aquila, viale Giovanni Gronchi 18, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;3. Facoltà di Ingegneria, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy;4. Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Vivaldi, 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy;5. Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università “Federico II” di Napoli, Piazzale V. Tecchio, 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy;1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong;2. Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan;1. Chemical Engineering Department, BVUCOE, Pune 411 043, India;2. Chemical Engineering Department, MNIT, Jaipur 302 017, Rajasthan, India;3. Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT), Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India;1. Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Poland;2. Kettering University, 1700 University Avenue, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Flint, MI 48504, USA;1. SYSU-HKUST Research Center for Innovative Environmental Technology (SHRCIET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China;2. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou 510275, PR China;3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong;4. Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Hong Kong |
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| Abstract: | Ibuprofen (IBP) is an anti-inflammatory drug whose residues can be found worldwide in natural water bodies resulting in harmful effects to aquatic species even at low concentrations. This paper deals with the degradation of IBP in water by hydrodynamic cavitation in a convergent–divergent nozzle. Over 60% of ibuprofen was degraded in 60 min with an electrical energy per order (EEO) of 10.77 kWh m?3 at an initial concentration of 200 μg L?1 and a relative inlet pressure pin = 0.35 MPa. Five intermediates generated from different hydroxylation reactions were identified; the potential mechanisms of degradation were sketched and discussed. The reaction pathways recognized are in line with the relevant literature, both experimental and theoretical. By varying the pressure upstream the constriction, different degradation rates were observed. This effect was discussed according to a numerical simulation of the hydroxyl radical production identifying a clear correspondence between the maximum kinetic constant kOH and the maximum calculated  OH production. Furthermore, in the investigated experimental conditions, the pH parameter was found not to affect the extent of degradation; this peculiar feature agrees with a recently published kinetic insight and has been explained in the light of the intermediates of the different reaction pathways. |
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| Keywords: | Emerging contaminants Ibuprofen Reaction mechanism Venturi reactor Modeling Intermediates |
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