Operator related attenuation effects in radiometric surveys |
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| Institution: | 1. SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, UK;2. Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride, UK;1. Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center–Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio;2. Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center–Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio;1. Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environmental Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China;2. Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, Sichuan, China;3. State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, China;1. Medico-Technical Complex, Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems, JINR, 6 Joliot-Curie, 141980 Dubna, Russia;2. Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 405 Atomistilor, 077125 Bucharest-Magurele, Romania;3. Horia Hulubei National Institute for Nuclear Physics and Engineering, P.O.Box MG-6, RO-077125 Bucharest-Magurele, Romania;4. Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic;5. Proton Therapy Center, Budínova 2437/1a, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic;1. Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;2. Clinical Research Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;3. Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;4. Orthopedic Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;5. Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;6. Immunogenetics Research Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran;1. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy;2. Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA 23606, USA;3. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova e Dipartimento di Fisica dell''Università, 16146 Genova, Italy;4. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di CATANIA 95123, Catania, Italy;5. University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK;6. Institut de Physique Nucléaire, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France;7. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata and Dipartimento di Fisica dell''Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy;8. Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA;9. Irfu/SPhN, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;10. Yerevan Physics Institute, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia;11. University of New Hampshire, Department of Physics, Durham, NH 03824, USA;12. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA;13. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud and University of Sassari, 95123, Catania, Italy;1. Freie Universität Berlin, Dep. of Mathematics and Computer Science, D-14195 Berlin, Arnimallee 6, Germany;2. Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-10117 Berlin, Germany;3. Hochschule Pforzheim, D-75175 Pforzheim, Germany |
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| Abstract: | Radiometric surveys using airborne, vehicular mounted or backpack detector systems are increasingly used to identify and evaluate complex distributions of radioactivity in the environment. The signals detected depend on the energy and spatial distribution of radioactive sources, the material properties of the environment and the specific properties of the detector systems employed. Materials in close vicinity to the detector such as housings, and intermediate materials may have a critical impact on detection efficiency, and must therefore be taken into account in calibration. This study evaluates the effect of shielding by the body of the operator in backpack surveys. Controlled experiments using point sources and absorbers, chosen to represent the form and composition of human tissue, were conducted, and coupled to an analytical radiation transport model to estimate attenuation factors for mapping of 137Cs. In this way generic factors to correct for this effect using portable spectrometers have been determined. The results compare well with observations at sampled calibration sites in Fukushima and the Solway area in Scotland. Reductions of the 137Cs full-energy peak intensity between 20% and 30% may be expected depending on operator stature and the offset position of backpack systems. Similar effects may be present for other radiometric systems carried by a human operator. |
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| Keywords: | Environmental radioactivity Gamma ray survey Attenuation by human operator |
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