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Modulation of structure and dynamics by disulfide bond formation in unfolded states
Authors:Silvers Robert  Sziegat Friederike  Tachibana Hideki  Segawa Shin-ichi  Whittaker Sara  Günther Ulrich L  Gabel Frank  Huang Jie-rong  Blackledge Martin  Wirmer-Bartoschek Julia  Schwalbe Harald
Institution:Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Abstract:During oxidative folding, the formation of disulfide bonds has profound effects on guiding the protein folding pathway. Until now, comparatively little is known about the changes in the conformational dynamics in folding intermediates of proteins that contain only a subset of their native disulfide bonds. In this comprehensive study, we probe the conformational landscape of non-native states of lysozyme containing a single native disulfide bond utilizing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), circular dichroism (CD) data, and modeling approaches. The impact on conformational dynamics varies widely depending on the loop size of the single disulfide variants and deviates significantly from random coil predictions for both NMR and SAXS data. From these experiments, we conclude that the introduction of single disulfides spanning a large portion of the polypeptide chain shifts the structure and dynamics of hydrophobic core residues of the protein so that these regions exhibit levels of order comparable to the native state on the nanosecond time scale.
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