On standardization of low symmetry crystal fields |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Graduate School of Electronic Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu 64002, Taiwan, ROC;2. Department of Electronic Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu 64002, Taiwan, ROC;3. Department of Information and Electronic Commerce Management, TransWorld University, Douliu 64002, Taiwan, ROC;1. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24420, Pakistan;2. Department of Mathematics, University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan;3. Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University Tr-07058, Antalya, Turkey |
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| Abstract: | Standardization methods of low symmetry – orthorhombic, monoclinic and triclinic – crystal fields are formulated and discussed. Two alternative approaches are presented, the conventional one, based on the second-rank parameters and the standardization based on the fourth-rank parameters. Mainly f-electron systems are considered but some guidelines for d-electron systems and the spin Hamiltonian describing the zero-field splitting are given. The discussion focuses on premises for choosing the most suitable method, in particular on inadequacy of the conventional one. Few examples from the literature illustrate this situation. |
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| Keywords: | Crystal fields Optical materials Magnetic materials |
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