13C N.M.R. and 14N N.Q.R. in ferroelectric liquid crystals Polar versus quadrupolar ordering

¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance and ¹⁴N nuclear quadrupole resonance spectra of ferroelectric smectic C*liquid crystals and their non-chiral analogues allow for a microscopic determination of the polar and quadrupolar (or bipolar) biasing of rotation around the long molecular axis as well as for a determination of the anisotropy in the fluctuations of this axis. The results show that the microscopic origin of the biquadratic coupling between the polarization and the tilt, which has been recently introduced into the extended Landau model of the S_A-S*_C transition, is the quadrupolar (or bipolar) rotational bias induced by the anisotropy in the fluctuations of the long molecular axis. The tilt induced anisotropy in the fluctuations is practically identical in chiral and non-chiral smectic C phases.